Computer Graphics

Computer graphics is a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Computer graphics is an art of drawing and manipulating pictures on computer screens. It involves computations, creation, and manipulation of data.

Areas of Application

1. User Interface

The user interface of various applications which allows user to select menus, icons and objects on screen is the courtesy of Computer Graphics. 

2. Plotting Graphs

The plotting of graphs, histograms, bar and pie charts is all done by Computer Graphics. This is used to present complex data in a easy-to-understand manner. They are used to summarize financial, statistical, scientific and economical data. 

3. Computer Aided Design

Computer Graphics is also used in design process for engineering, mechanical and architectural structure. Computer Aided design are used to design buildings, automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft, computers, textiles, and many, many other products. 

4. Simulation and Visualization

Specialized systems like simulators are used to train pilots and drivers which helps them to understand the complex systems like airplane and other automobiles in controlled environments. Doctors are also trained using simulators before giving them a human body to rip apart.

Large and complex datas can be visualized using computer graphics to understand the trends and patterns in them. Example: Weather Forecasting.

5. Entertainment

Computer Graphics are used in entertainment to create motion pictures(films), music videos and shows. Animations and cartoons also work as a good source of entertainment. 

6. Computer Art and Advertisment

Computer Graphics is applied in commercial art for logos and other designs, page layouts combining text and graphics, TV advertising spots, and other areas. Artists can create pictures that can express and attract attention. 

Advantages of Computer Graphics

• It gives tools to creating pictures of solid genuine objects as well as of theoretical, engineered objects, for example, a numerical surface in 4D and of information that have no inalienable geometry, for example, survey results.
• It can indicate moving pictures and in this way, it is conceivable to deliver liveliness with computer graphics.
• With computer graphics, the client can likewise control the animation speed, part of the view, the geometric relationship the object in the scene to each other, the measure of detail shown and on.
• It helps in learning difficult tasks by the help of simulation. 
• Complex data can be visualized in simplified form.
• It helps to present information with the help of graphs, pictures and animation.

What is Management?

Management means directing and controlling a group of people or an organization to reach a goal/objective. Management is a process of planning, decision making, organizing, leading, motivation and controlling the human, financial, physical, and information resources of an organization to reach its goals efficiently and effectively.

“Management is a set of activities (including planning, organizing,
leading and controlling) directed at an organization’s resources
(human, financial, physical, and information), with the aim of achieving
organizational goals effectively and efficiently in a changing
environment.”

- Ricky W. Griffin

Essence/Characteristics of Management

• Achieving the objective
• Working with others
• Attaining Efficiency and Effectiveness
• Adopting Situational Approach
• Coping with the environment
• Responding to social needs
• Growing Professionalism
• Universality in Application

Function of Management

Management consists of serveral functions. The number os functions depend upon the authors. Here we'll be discussing the five general functions of management.

1. Planning

Planning is basically the determination of goals and objectives while defining appropriate courses of actions and strategies upon using resources, information, people. Planning is deciding in advance - what to do, when to do & how to do. It bridges the gap from where we are & where we want to be. Planning is a systematic thinking about ways & means for accomplishment of pre-determined goals.

• It is about reaching a desired state from the current state.
• It is an attempt to visualize the future before it actually happens.
• It is thinking before doing.

2. Organizing

It is the process of bringing together physical, financial and human resources and developing productive relationship amongst them for achievement of organizational goals. It is the establishment of relationship between people, work and
resources. It is the process of allocating and arranging work, authority and resources, to
the members of the organization so that they can successfully
execute the plans.

3. Staffing

It is the process of placing right person to the right job. Managerial function of staffing involves manning the organization structure through proper and effective selection, appraisal & development of personnel to fill the roles designed un the structure. It involves the process of recruiting, training, developing, compensating and evaluating employees and maintaining this workforce with proper incentives and motivations.

4. Directing

It is the process of motivating workers to work hard to achieve organizational goals.The directing function is concerned with leadership, communication, motivation and supervision so that the employees perform their activities in the most efficient manner possible, in order to achieve the desired goals.

• The leadership element involves issuing of instructions and guiding the subordinates about procedures and methods.
• The communication involves passing information, experience, opinion etc from one person to another. It is a bridge of understanding.
• Motivation means inspiring, stimulating or encouraging the sub-ordinates with zeal to work. Positive, negative, monetary, non-monetary incentives may be used for this purpose.
• Supervising implies overseeing the work of subordinates by their superiors. It is the act of watching & directing work & workers.

5. Controlling

It is the process of monitoring progress towards goal achievement and taking corrective actions when progress isn't made. Controlling consists of checking whether everything occurs in agreement with the plans adopted, instructions issued and principles established. Itis the process of evaluating the execution of the plan and making adjustments to ensure that the organizational goal is achieved.

Introduction

JavaScript is a programming language used primarily by web browsers to create a dynamic and interactive experience by the user. It is a lightweight and interpreted language.

JavaScipt is a scripting language that allows you to inplement complex features on web pages. JavaScript is now everywhere and it's usage has now extended to mobile app development, desktop app development, and game development.

Writing First program in JavaScript

JavaScript needs to be written inside of <script> tag in a HTML Document.

<html>
<head>
        <title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
        <script>
            alert("Hello World!");
        </script>
</body>
</html>

General rules to be followed while writing JavaScript:

• JavaScript is case-sensitive.
• Statements should end in a semicolon (;).
• To enter comments in the script, use "//" to start a single line comment or the combination of /* and */ to enclose a multi-line comment.
• Variables name can contain A – Z, a – z, underscore or digits and must start with a letter or an underscore (“_”).
• JavaScript is a dynamically typed language. The data type does not have to be explicitly defined while creating a variable.